Peace In Our Time?
PEACE FOR OUR TIME by Alistair Cooke BBC Broadcaster (he is ~95 years old)
About the author: In 1936, the NBC network invited Alistair Cooke to do a weekly
broadcast of reflections on British life called London Letter. Cooke then emigrated
to the United States in 1937, and asked the BBC to let him do the same thing in
reverse. Eventually he succeeded, and 'Letter from America' is now the longest running
radio broadcast in human history. In the process it has won a faithful worldwide
audience of several million and many friends in high places. When Cooke was awarded
an honorary knighthood in 1973, the Queen is reputed to have expressed bewildered
admiration at his ability to sit down, week after week, and
communicate so directly with his audience.
I promised to lay off topic A - Iraq - until the Security Council makes a judgment
on the inspectors' report and I shall keep that promise.
But I must tell you that throughout the past fortnight I've listened to everybody
involved in or looking on to a monotonous din of words, like a tide crashing and
receding on a beach - making a great noise and saying the same thing over and over.
And this ordeal triggered a nightmare - a day-mare, if you like. Through the
ceaseless tide I heard a voice, a very English voice of an old man - Prime Minister
Chamberlain saying: "I believe it is peace for our time" - a sentence that prompted
a huge cheer, first from a listening street crowd and then from the House of Commons
and next day from every newspaper in the land.
There was a move to urge that Mr. Chamberlain should receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
In Parliament there was one unfamiliar old grumbler to growl out: "I believe we
have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat." He was, in view of the general sentiment,
very properly booed down.
This scene concluded in the autumn of 1938 the British prime minister's effectual
signing away of most of Czechoslovakia to Hitler. The rest of it, within months,
Hitler walked in and conquered. "Oh dear," said Mr. Chamberlain, thunderstruck.
"He has betrayed my trust."
During the last fortnight a simple but startling thought occurred to me -- every
single official, diplomat, president, prime minister involved in the Iraq debate
was in 1938 a toddler, most of them unborn. So the dreadful scene I've just drawn
will not have been remembered by most listeners.
Hitler had started betraying our trust not 12 years but only two years before, when
he broke the First World War peace treaty by occupying the demilitarized zone of
the Rhineland. Only half his troops carried one reload of ammunition because Hitler
knew that French morale was too low to confront any war just then and 10 million
of 11 million British voters had signed a so-called peace ballot. It stated no conditions,
elaborated no terms, it simply counted the numbers of Britons who were "for peace."
The slogan of this movement was "Against war and fascism" - chanted at the time
by every Labor man and Liberal and many moderate Conservatives - a slogan that now
sounds as imbecilic as "against hospitals and disease." In blunter words a majority
of Britons would do anything, absolutely anything, to get rid of Hitler except fight
him.
At that time the word pre-emptive had not been invented, though today it's a catchword.
After all the Rhineland was what it said it was - part of Germany. So to march in
and throw Hitler out would have been pre-emptive - wouldn't it?
Nobody did anything and Hitler looked forward with confidence to gobbling up the
rest of Western Europe country by country - "course by course," as growler Churchill
put it.
I bring up Munich and the mid-30s because I was fully grown, on the verge of 30,
and knew we were indeed living in the age of anxiety. And so many of the arguments
mounted against each other today, in the last fortnight, are exactly what we heard
in the House of Commons debates and read in the French press.
The French especially urged, after every Hitler invasion, "negotiation, negotiation."
They negotiated so successfully as to have their whole country defeated and occupied.
But as one famous French leftist said: "We did anyway manage to make them declare
Paris an open city - no bombs on us!"
In Britain the general response to every Hitler advance was disarmament and collective
security. Collective security meant to leave every crisis to the League of Nations.
It would put down aggressors, even though, like the United Nations, it had no army,
navy or air force.
The League of Nations had its chance to prove itself when Mussolini invaded and
conquered Ethiopia (Abyssinia). The League didn't have any shot to fire. But
still the cry was chanted in the House of Commons - the League and collective security
is the only true guarantee of peace.
But after the Rhineland the maverick Churchill decided there was no collectivity
in collective security and started a highly unpopular campaign for rearmament by
Britain, warning against the general belief that Hitler had already built an enormous
mechanized army and superior air force.
But he's not used them, he's not used them - people protested.
Still for two years before the outbreak of the Second War you could read the debates
in the House of Commons and now shiver at the famous Labour men - Major Attlee was
one of them - who voted against rearmament and still went on pointing to the League
of Nations as the savior.
Now, this memory of mine may be totally irrelevant to the present crisis. It haunts
me. I have to say I have written elsewhere with much conviction that
most historical analogies are false because, however strikingly similar a new situation
may be to an old one, there's usually one element that is different and it turns
out to be the crucial one. It may well be so here.
All I know is that all the voices of the 30s are echoing through 2003... "